转型论者关于环境退化和人类剥削互相关联的观点,促进了环境与社会正义运动联盟的出现。他们所面临的挑战是如何才能建立一个强有力的、足够团结的同盟,以识别哪些地方需要进行变革。可持续发展的核心价值在于环境保护与正义。随着未来社会的发展,如何将这两个方面结合起来,将是转型论者面临的主要问题。
尽管可持续发展有着多种含义,但它还是受到了广泛的认可。它对于人类如何确保生存的价值以及人与自然的关系和人与人的关系等问题有着至关重要的作用。
我们不能丢弃可持续发展的概念,它为我们讨论人类未来的选择提供了一个有用的框架。可持续发展需要建立在环境和社会相互联系和反馈的基础之上,人类社会和大自然的平等是可持续发展的基本思想。
考虑到变革社会基本结构、加深人与自然的联系等问题,我们认为转型是十分必要的。然而,我们并不认为目前有必要作出确切的转型承诺,这实非明智之举。在转型的时机还不够成熟的情况下,采取一些改革措施总比什么都不做要好。不过,政府和企业在进行改革的时候,主要的精力还是应该放在提出问题、开展成功的媒介推广等方面,建立一个由科研人员和民众共同组成的行动联盟。
注释:
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[12] Bjфrn Lomborg,The Sceptical Environmentalists: Measuring the Real State of the World,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2001.
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