第三,如何重建社区的公共性。正如有学者分析指出的那样,“公共性是社区-社会存在、发展的基础”[27]。公共性包括“认同感”、“安全感”和“凝聚力” 三个主要维度。但当前农村社区的现状使得公共性重建变得非常困难:首先,在多数农村地区,青壮年劳动力常年在外务工,农村剩下一些老弱病残和妇女儿童,“空心化”现象非常普遍,一些基本的公共服务都无法开展。有学者在分析城市社区建设的困境时,非常有洞察力地提出了“社会主要群体不在场”这一概念[28],其实在农村社区这种现象更为突出。其次,在一些经济发达的地区,农村社区利益主体非常复杂、价值观念非常多元,外来人口占很大比例,熟人社会基本解体。在这种局面下,要重建社区的公共性需要有新的思路。
第四,如何解决农村社区建设中的一些具体问题。这主要包括:(1)农村社区的范围如何确定。我们前面分析过,现有的每一种模式都有自身优势、也有自身劣势,各地如何结合自己的实际选择合适的范围设立社区,是农村社区建设首先要解决的问题。(2)资金如何保障。在多数农村地区,集体经济力量很弱甚至完全没有、民间社会力量也基本缺位,农村社区建设的经费主要来源于国家的财政拨款,远远不能满足需求。(3)在农村社区建设的过程中,集体经济权益如何妥善分配是一个非常关键的问题,处理不好会带来非常严重的社会后果。(4)如何在“城市人-乡村人”、“本地人-外来人口”这双重二元格局下,构建均等化、全覆盖和高水平社区服务体系,以及认同感高、归属感强的基层社会生活共同体。
The Transformation of Grass-roots Governance and the Construction of New Rural Community
——The Practice and Reflection on the Construction of China's Rural Community(2003-2014)
Huang Jialiang
Abstract: Strengthen the rural community construction is the inevitablechoice and the important content of grass-roots governance transformation in China . The essence of China's rural community construction is the construction of new rural community in the new situation.This paper reviews and reflections from the practice process, the main mode, the main experience, the main problems on the construction of China's rural community.Analysis shows that, in the process of rural community construction, all localities must suit one's measures to local conditions.The main goal of the rural community construction is that "rational division of labor, clear responsibilities, multi governance" community governance system, "integration of urban and rural areas, overall planning, functional composite" community service system, and "clear guidance, distinctive features, various forms" community culture system.At present, the construction of China's rural communities have more breakthroughs in public top design, adjust the "state-society" relation,reconstruction of community’s publicity, and so on.
Keywords: Rural Community Construction;The Grass-roots Governance Transformation; The New Rural Community

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