市场经济和民主政治是人类文明的两大成果,其历史进步意义不容置疑。但是,过犹不及。过去30年,这两个价值观被捧上了天。80年前,哈佛大学校长阿伯特·劳伦斯·洛厄尔就警告“没有任何一种形式的政府能包治百病”。(56)曾经帮助俄罗斯实施“休克疗法”的美国经济学家萨克斯2014年3月在清华大学指出,“国与国之间很难相互比较,每一代人都有自己的任务,都有自己的困难和挑战,都要学会解决自己的问题”。(57)显然,他不再认为自由主义“放之四海而皆准”了。自由主义本身不是悲剧,对自由主义的迷信却是悲剧。像凯恩斯主义曾把西方从1930年代大萧条中拯救出来一样,自由主义也曾让西方摆脱1970年代的滞胀。当时自由主义以喜剧开幕。然而,西方从此患上了自由主义依赖症,自由主义不仅在美欧等西方国家向极端化方向发展,而且迅速向广大发展中国家蔓延。最终,人们发现自由主义已经走到悬崖边时,却没有可靠的替代道路,这是一个历史悲剧,这场历史悲剧可能、正在给全人类造成巨大的灾难。
注释:
①Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上网时间:2014年9月13日)
②The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
③David Luttrell,Tyler Atkinson and Harvey Rosenblum,"Assessing the Costs and Consequences of the 2007-2009 Financial Crisis and Its Aftermath",Economic Letter,Vol.8,No.7,September 2013.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
④European Commission,Commission Staff Working Document,"Economic Review of the Financial Regulation Agenda",May 15,2014.(上网时间:2014年9月23日)
⑤David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics 2009,p.206.(上网时间:2014年9月18日)
⑥The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
⑦Robert D.Kaplan,"Elections Don't Matter,Institutions Do",Strat for Global Intelligence,January 15,2014.(上网时间:2014年9月23日)
⑧Michael McAuliff,"Gun Bill Background Check Amendment Fails,Other Key Provisions Follow",The Huffington Post,April 17,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月23日)
⑨Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上网时间:2014年9月24日)
⑩Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,Farrar,Straus and Giroux,2011,p.469.
(11)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上网时间:2014年9月24日)
(12)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May 1,2014.(上网时间:2014年9月22日)
(13)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),pp.7-44.
(14)Richard N.Haass,"The Irony of American Strategy:Putting the Middle East in Proper Perspective",Foreign Affairs,May/June.2013,p.59.
(15)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.469.
(16)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上网时间:2014年9月25日)
(17)John J.Mearsheimer,"Why the Ukraine Crisis Is the West's Fault:The liberal Delusions That Provoked Putin",Foreign Affairs.October/November,2014.
(18)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上网时间:2014年9月18日)
(19)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,pp.1-10.
(20)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上网时间:2014年9月18日)
(21)The World Bank,"transition:The First Ten Years",2002,p.xiii.(上网时间:2014年9月18日)
(22)International Monetary Fund,The Evolution of Output in transition Economics:Explaining the Differences,IMF Working Paper,May 1999,pp.52-54.(上网时间:2014年9月21日)
(23)Polity IV Project:Political Regime Characteristics and transitions,1800-2013.(上网时间:2014年9月21日)
(24)Hays-Mitchell,Maureen,"Resisting austerity:a gendered perspective on neo-liberal restructuring in Peru",Gender and Development,10(3),2002,p.72.
(25)Mark Weisbrot and David Rosnick,"Another Lost Decade? Latin America's Growth Failure Continues into the 21st Century",Center of Economic and Policy Research,November 13,2003.(上网时间:2014年9月25日)
(26)Samuel P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,University of Oklahoma Press,pp.19-21,17-28.
(27)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.
(28)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.16.
(29)Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution,p.470.
(30)Dambisa Moyo,Dead Aid:Why Aid is Not Working and-How There is a Better Way for Africa,Penguin,2010,p.42.
(31)David M.Kotz,"The Financial and Economic Crisis of 2008:A Systemic Crisis of Neoliberal Capitalism",Review of Radical Political Economics,Volume 41,No.3,Summer 2009,p.307.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(32)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.188(上网时间:2014年9月24日)
(33)宗寒:“从虚拟经济看西方金融危机”.(上网时间:2014年9月24日)
(34)Neil Smith,"Neoliberalism is Dead,Dominant,Defeatable,Then What?",Human Geography,Volume 2,Number 2,2008,p.2.(上网时间:2014年9月25日)
(35)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月23日)
(36)Francis Fukuyama,"The End of History",The National Interest,Summer 1989.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(37)Francis Fukuyama,"America in Decay:The Sources of Political Dysfunction",Foreign Affairs,September/October 2014; Francis Fukuyama,The Origin of Political Order:From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution.
(38)"What's Gone Wrong with Democracy",The Economist,May1,2014.(上网时间:2014年9月22日)
(39)E.J.Dionne Jr.,"Political Dysfunctions Spells trouble for Democracies",The Washington Post,May 19,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(40)Frank Vogl,"Urgently Needed:Reform of the Broken American Political System".(上网时间:2014年9月25日)
(41)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xviii.(上网时间:2014年9月23日)
(42)Michael A.Peters,"The Crisis of Finance Capitalism and the Exhaustion of Neoliberalism",The truth out,Op-ed,July 21,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月18日)
(43)The transatlantic Academy,The Democratic Disconnect,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月25日)
(44)Charles A.Kupchan and Peter L.trubowitz,"Dead Center:The Demise of liberal Internationalism in the United States",International Security,Vol.32,No.2(Fall 2007),p.27
(45)Fareed Zakaria,"Can America Be Fixed? The New Crisis of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,January/February 2013.(上网时间:2014年9月26日)
(46)The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission,Financial Crisis Inquiry Report,January 2011,p.xvii.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(47)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上网时间:2014年9月26日)
(48)Matt Miller,"The Great American Political Gridlock",The Washington Post,June 5,2014.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(49)Hiton L.Root,Dynamics among Nations:The Evolution of Legitimacy and Development in Modern States,The MIT Press,Massachusetts,2013,p.144.
(50)Thomas Carother,"The End of transition Paradigm".(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(51)Joseph Schumpeter,Capitalism,Socialism and Democracy,2nd ed,New York:Harper,1947,p.269; Samul P.Huntington,The Third Wave:Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century,The University of Oklahoma Press,1991,pp.5-13.
(52)Robert A.Dahl,Polyarchy:Participation and Opposition,New Haven:Yale University Press,1971,p.3.
(53)David Collier and Steven Levitsky,"Democracy with Adjectives:Conceptual Innovation in Comparative Research",World Politics 49(April 1997),pp.430-51.
(54)Mark Mazower,"Has Democracy Had Its Day?" Prospect,April 24,2013.(上网时间:2014年9月20日)
(55)陈安:《美国知识分子:影响美国社会发展的思想家》,北京:当代中国出版社,2010年,第3-5页。
(56)Lawrence Lowell,"The Evolution of Democracy",Foreign Affairs,October 1938.(上网时间:2014年9月26日)
(57)林毅夫:“中国学术界不能只引进”,金融日报中文网,2014年8月13日.(上网时间:2014年10月6日)
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