奥巴马外交：主义意识还是问题意识（2）

注释

1 牛新春：《奥巴马外交：一个新自由主义的时代？》，《现代国际关系》，2009年第5期。

2 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2014/05/28/remarks-president-united-states-military-academy-commencement-ceremony.

3 G. John Ikenberry, "liberal Internationalism 3.0: America and the Dilemmas of liberal World Order," Perspectives on Politics, Vol.7, No.1, 2009, pp.71-87.

4 Robert W. Merry, "America's Default Foreign Policy," The National Interest, September/October 2013, p.7.

5 Robert W. Merry, "The Elusive Obama Doctrine," The National Interest, September/October 2012, p.5.

6 G. John Ikenberry, Thomas J. Krock, Anne-Marie Slaughter and Tony Smith, The Crisis of American Foreign Policy: Wilsonianism in the Twenty-First Century, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009, p.91.

7 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-By-The-President-At-The-New-Economic-School-Graduation/.

8 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the_press_office/Remarks-by-the-President-to-the-Ghanaian-Parliament/.

9 http://www.whitehouse.gov/video/President-Obama-Addresses-the-UN-General-Assembly/#transcript.

10 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-obama-and-president-sarkozy-france-june-6-2009.

11 Henry R. Nau, "The jigsaw puzzle & the chess board: the making and unmaking of foreign policy in the age of Obama," Commentary, May 2012, p.14.

12 Henry R. Nau, "Obama's Foreign Policy," Policy Review, April & May 2010, p.34.

13 http://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-gop-house-issues-conference.

14 Jeffrey Bader, Obama and China's Rise: An Insider's Account of America's Asia Strategy, Brookings Institution Press, 2012, pp.4-5.

15 Henry R. Nau, Conservative Internationalism: Armed Diplomacy under Jefferson, Polk, truman, and Reagan, Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2013, p.77.

16 Ibid, p.37.

17 David Milne, "Pragmatism or what? The future of US foreign policy," International Affairs, Vol.88, No.5, 2012, p.938.

18 Anna Dimitrova, "Obama's Foreign Policy: Between Pragmatic Realism and Smart Diplomacy?" 2012 Meeting Paper in Paris.

19 理查德·派瑞（Richard Perle），时任美国助理国防部长。

20 David Milne, "Pragmatism or what? The future of US foreign policy," International Affairs, Vol.88, No.5, 2012, p.937.

21 liam Julian, "Niebuhr and Obama," Policy Review, April & May 2009, pp.19-20.

22 Arthur M.Schlesinger, JR., The Cycles of American History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1986, p.24.

23 Henry R. Nau, Conservative Internationalism, p.74.

24 参见《人民论坛·学术前沿》2013年10月（下）有关“智能帝国主义”的系列文章。

25 龚洪烈：《基辛格与美国外交传统》，《美国研究》，2008年第4期。

26 Paul J. Saunders, "The Wanderer," The National Interest, September/October 2014, pp.5-10.

27 关于保守国际主义对美国外交的影响，参见杨卫东：《美国对外政策的第四种解读》，《美国研究》，2014年第5期。

Obama Diplomacy: Consciousness of Doctrine or Consciousness of Solve Practical Problems

Yang Weidong

Abstract: Obama diplomacy does not adhere to the liberalism espoused by the Democratic Party and lay less emphasis on values diplomacy, which means consciousness of doctrine was not strong. Conversely, Obama diplomacy pays much more attention to solve practical problems facing the United States in a pragmatic consciousness of issue. As a result, Obama diplomacy suffered both reproach made by conservative democrats and blame delivered by the opposition party of the Republican Party. There has been a kind of diplomacy reflecting a diplomatic thoughts as Wilsonian liberalism and satisfying the diplomacy backed by power praised highly. The so-called conservative internationalism has the possibility to be the prevailing direction of American diplomacy in the future.

KeyWords: Obama diplomacy, pragmatism, Conservatism, Neoliberalism, Value Diplomacy

作者简介

杨卫东，天津师范大学政治与行政学院、政治文化与政治文明建设研究院教授。研究方向为美国外交、中美关系、国际关系思想。主要著作有《信仰的构建与解读：宗教与美国外交》、《约翰 昆西 亚当斯外交思想研究》等。