莫于川：从认识宪法、尊重宪法到依宪治国、法治中国（13）

From Under standing & Respecting the Constitution to Rule

by Constitution & Rule of Law in China

——31 Amendments to the Constitution in 31 years as a microcosm of reform and development in China

MO Yu-chuan

﹙Law School，Renmin University of China，Beijing 100872 China﹚

Abstract：China,s current Constitution，born at the right time but without ease，is playing a special role. Against the background of the 35th Anniversary of the introduction of the Reform and Opening-Up policy，the Constitution has evolved in the past 31years and gone through four amendments.

The 31 Amendments to the Constitution，characterized vividly by its time，serves as the microcosm of the reform and opening-up and of the economic and social developments. Specifically， the 31 Amendments have responded to the deepest demands of China,s economic and political reform and of the developments of democracy and rule of law，and enlightened the values，such as abandoning totalitarianism，breaking up monopolies，promoting deregulation， restraining powers， upholding democracy， pursuing freedom，focusing on equality，respecting human rights，safeguarding rights and encouraging openness. The Amendments，with fairly rich connotations of rule of law，have described in an intuitive manner the dream of promoting rule by law and building a rule of law nation. From the Constitution to constitutionalism we shall make continuous and arduous efforts， among which are three important measures：to establish the notion of the Constitution，to improve the mechanism to implement the Constitution and to ameliorate the procedure to amend the Constitution. Only when we provide frank and convincing answers to the critical questions regularly raised about the supremacy，life and development of the Constitution can we confidently and continuously promote the rule of law in the constitutional practice.

Key words：Constitution；political practice of the Constitution；reform；amendment；value pursuit

注释:

[1] 所谓现行宪法，有广义、较广义和狭义之分：广义的现行宪法是指现行有效的宪法典、修正案、宪法解释以及某些国家的宪法性法律、宪法惯例等特殊形式规范；较广义的现行宪法是指现行有效的宪法典和修正案；狭义的现行宪法仅指现行有效的宪法典。本文主要是在狭义层面上表述1982年宪法为现行宪法。

[2] “职业拍违族”与广州市公安机关签订了《拍摄交通违章承诺书》，承诺遵守法律规定，确保其提供资料的真实性、合法性。虽然人们平时常见交通违章现象，但拿起相机要抓拍却不容易，于是个别人想出谋取不义之财的歪点子﹙例如伪造、合成“违章照片”，或在道路狭窄地段放置石块等方法造成行车不便﹚，通过制造交通违章来“创收”，这种做法被曝光后引起很大争议，但这毕竟是另一种违法行为和法律关系。

[3] 市民参与管理的直接民主权利，本源于宪法确定的基本权利。我国现行宪法第2条第3款对此作了非常明确的规定：“人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。”广州的这个革新举措正是通过这种途径和形式，组织和保障市民直接参与管理当地的社会事务。